Essay on The Field of Nursing - 674 Words

The Field of Nursing Why do women decide to be in the nursing field? There are different reasons to why women decide to become nurses. Nurses support health, put a stop to diseases, and help the patients deal with their illnesses. The nurse is an advocate and health educationalist for patients, family unit, and communities. They observe, put emphasis, and record the symptoms, reactions, and improvement of a patient. A nurse is a person who endows with medical treatment and help people of all ages to get good health. A nurse is a person that worries about the physical and psychosocial portion of the illness. Nurses have a wide assortment of different fields that they can choose to work in. Inside the career of nursing, women can make†¦show more content†¦Another â€Å"25% works for an industry, hospital, or an insurance company†. Leal nurse consultant’s salary depends on different jobs, for example just being an â€Å"independent legal nurse consultants. For example a legal consultant can charge several fees between â€Å"sixty-dollars, up too one hundred, and fifty-dollars for an hour†. (Marquand, 2003) A women might have gone through a situation at some point in her life, and from that situation, she in return decided to become a nurse. A young woman, was a â€Å"fatality of a sexually assault†. The young woman went to a sanatorium for medical services. While she was at the sanatorium, the medical doctor was in the process of doing a mandatory rape kit. (Wessling, 2003) The medical doctor started the rape kit but the medical doctor did not know how to appropriate â€Å"collect the evidence†. Therefore, the young woman began to tell the medical doctor step by step to properly do her â€Å"own rape kit†. (Wessling, 2003) Following she â€Å"attend several meetings of the new program on Forensic nursing†. She at that moment decides to be a Forensic nurse. (Wessling, 2003) Forensic nursing is a rather challenging field. Forensic nursing is a comparatively new field that merges the â€Å"health care profession with the legal structure†. (Wessling, 2003) One of the many responsibilities that a Forensic nurse does is to provide â€Å"testimony inShow MoreRelatedNursing Field1330 Words   |  6 Pages Interested in this field 2. The helping of others II. The job A. Requirements 1. Schooling 2. Volunteer hours B. Expectations 1. Practice III. Different fields pay rates A. Kinds of nurses B. There requirements (what extra classes they may need to take) C. The pay rates for different fields of nursing. Becoming a nurse or helping people has always been something I’ve enjoyed most, this is why I’ve chosen nursing as an interest in myRead MoreThe Field Of Nursing1505 Words   |  7 PagesThe field of nursing is growing and changing rapidly, but this isn’t the first time in history that nursing has undergone radical transformations. In ancient times, the sick was usually cared for in temples and houses of worship. In the early Christian era, nursing duties were undertaken by certain women in the church, their services being extended to patients in their homes. Florence Nightingale, the well-educated daughter of wealthy British parents, defied social conventions, and the wishes ofRead MoreNursing Theory And The Field Of Nursing1370 Words   |  6 PagesNursing theories are not a new concept in the field of nursing or health care in general. An extremely well known nursing theorist is Florence Nightingale, but there are other theorists who have also contributed to the field of nursing. A theory is defined as â€Å"an integrated set of defined concepts and statements that present a view of a phenomenon and can be used to describe, explain, predict, and control that phenomenon† (Burns Grove, 2011, p. 228). A theory can be applied to any field, especiallyRead MoreNursing Theory And The Field Of Nursing923 Words   |  4 Pages Nursing theory is a vital part in the field of nursing to aid nurses in the practice of their profession by guiding them with an implementation of structure and a process for organizing and explaining nursing actions. As a person embarks in a career as a nurse, they will bring with them their views, values, ideas, and experiences which all help in the development of their philosophy. It is this philosophy that will guide them in their nursing care. It is not enough to just have a philosophy asRead MoreThe Field Of Nursing And Nursing Students1518 Words   |  7 Pages Title and Author This critic of the quantitative article has a significant relevance to the field of nursing and nursing students. This writer will review Reeve et al (2013) research article, â€Å"Perceived stress and socials support in undergraduate nursing students.† The article is published in a reputable peer review journal, Nurse Education Today and written through research conducted with Georgetown University. The article has been published with a timely manner 2013. The authors found 32 relevantRead MoreThe Evolution Of The Field Of Nursing Essay1306 Words   |  6 Pagesnone as much as the nursing field. There is no question or doubt that in the next years to come that there will be additional changes and development in the field of nursing. Nursing has now evolved to become an â€Å"art and a science.† The purpose of this paper is to discuss the impact on the evolution of nursing, changes over the years and the implication on today’s nursing profession. To understand nursing and where it began, it is important to mention a key pioneer in nursing by the name of FlorenceRead MoreThe Occupational Field Of Nursing1262 Words   |  6 Pages The occupational field of nursing and the educational instruction associated with nursing has evolved over the past century due to detail oriented research and scientifically developed contributions. The advancement of new technology and improved theory has drastically upgraded nursing practices, allowing patients to experience an efficient and professional form of healthcare serves. To learn more about the changes in the field of nursing that have taken place in the last 60 years I interviewedRead MoreA Research On The Field Of Nursing880 Words   |  4 PagesSometimes all a sick child wants is his or her parent, and all a parent wants is a good nurse. I have chosen to pursue a career in the field of nursing, with a focus in pediatrics. Pediatrics is branch of medical care dealing with matters r elated to children. It is the responsibility of a registered nurse in any field to ensure that quality assurance procedures are precisely applied and followed during all phases of patient care. Quality assurance procedures are deliberate procedures that haveRead MoreThe Field Of Midwife Nursing1636 Words   |  7 PagesOn April 13, 2013, nursing became one of the, if not the most, important professions around the world. On that date, Disease-666, which caused the zombie apocalypse, broke out. It infected nearly three-fourths of the population, and nearly all doctors and scientists fell ill of the disease as they worked tirelessly trying to find a cure, leaving only nurses left. Besides hearing the stories of how important nursing has been the last couple years here at the Michigan State Safe Haven and outside ofRead MoreA Research On The Nursing Field1716 Words   |  7 Pages Hey you LPN, Can you get the nurse I have a question to ask them? A common phrase heard in the nursing world and often makes the LPN feel inadequate and frustrated. The nursing field is one that is rich in history and diversity. The registered nurse has been the backbone of the nursing world for many years; however, many people recognize the license practical nurse or license vocational nurse particularly in the geriatric community. LPN/LVN in this setting perform many of the same tasks as the

The Movie Rent ( 2005 ) Is Based On The Musical By The...

Non-heteroromanticism in Rent The film Rent (2005) is based on the musical by the same title, which is a story about people trying to make ends meet while being directly or indirectly affected by AIDS. The title is a little misleading, because the story mainly follows the relationships between characters and the effects AIDS make on their lives, while the subplot is them struggling to pay the rent. There is one main heteronormative relationship that is followed in the film, but the other two are not. One includes a gay man, Collins, who is with a person that is inferred to be a transgender woman, Angel. The other relationship is about a bisexual woman, Maureen, who loves a lesbian named Joanne. The original musical was written by Jonathan Larson, who incorporated autobiographical aspects, such as his bisexual girlfriend who is portrayed by Maureen, who left him for another woman. Larson was inspired by the La Bohà ¨me opera, but changed the gender of Joanne’s character to be based on to a woman. Larson wa s known for exploring social issues in his works and illustrates topics of homophobia, addiction, and multiculturalism in Rent. The musical and film reaches out to people that are considered to be unconventional, giving the message to take pride in who you are and characteristics or qualities that are considered to be disgraceful. The different relationships are used to show there is more than just non-heteronormative relationships, providing a message that taking pride inShow MoreRelatedProfessional Review Quotes About Music Are Mixed And Tell About How They Are Talking About It1604 Words   |  7 Pagesmusic, more details. My group and I decided to review the movie Rent. Rent was released in 2005. The film, also a musical, was an adaptation of a broadway stage play. It follows the lives of several characters in the late 1980s and into the early 1990s. The film covers the topics of many horrible things that were affecting the lives of many people back in that time era. The topics include poverty, HIV/AIDS, and discrimination of same-sex couples. The main characters are: Mark Cohen, who is filmingRead MoreReaction and Analysis on Film and Stage Version of Rent5058 Words   |  21 PagesFILM REACTION Rent   is a  2005  American  film adaptation  of the  Broadway musical, which was based on  Jonathan Larson’s  Pulitzer  and  Tony Award-winning musical. The movie depicts the lives of several Bohemians  and their struggles with  sexuality, cross-dressing,  drugs, life under the shadow of AIDS, and paying their rent. It takes place in the  East Village  of New York City in the late 1980s. SYNOPSIS After an introduction with the cast singing Seasons of Love, the film opens with apartment tenantsRead MoreTheatre 112 Quizes3023 Words   |  13 Pagesï » ¿Theatre 112 quizzes Assessment 1: Librettist ïÆ'   in charge of writing the dialogue of a musical Choreographer ïÆ'   creates and teaches dances Adelaid’s Lament ïÆ'   guys and dolls Director ïÆ'   control of artistic vision Score ïÆ'   collection of songs Libretto ïÆ'   total collection of lyrics and dialogue Composer ïÆ'   in charge of creating melodies Lyricist ïÆ'   in charge of writing words to songs Producer ïÆ'   in charge of monetary aspects Im an ordinary man ïÆ'   song in My fair lad Assessment 2: 1. despiteRead MoreThe Film Piracy Problem 5892 Words   |  24 Pagesdevelopments in digital technology make server-based or peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing on the Internet convenient and relatively fast. A negative consequence of this new technology, however, is online theft of copyrighted material. This lesson introduces students to the problem of film piracy, focusing specifically on Internet file sharing, especially P2P. The lesson’s activities encompass much more than a focus on the effects of film piracy on profits for movie studios or royalties for actors. ActivityRead MoreComparison and Contrast Essay7914 Words   |  32 PagesComparison and Contrast Essay Prepared for the Communication Competencies Center University of Puerto Rico at Humacao Title V Project Anà ­bal Muà ±oz Claudio May 2005 Contents Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦i General Objective †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ii Specific Objectives †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ii How can you use this module? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...1 Part I. General Knowledge of Essay Structures and Content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 Part II. Writing a Comparison and ContrastRead MoreAnalysis of the Music Industry30024 Words   |  121 Pagesvalue of  £3.03bn on consumer spending on music in 2005, derived from three sectors: recorded music (which accounts for the bulk of the market), live music and musical instruments. However, data for other related markets are included, such as equipment for home listening and viewing. Recorded music dominates, but this large market is on the cusp of a technological revolution that will eventually transform the way the majority of people buy music. In 2005, most music was bought as compact disc (CD) albumsRead MoreSeminar Paper on Strategies to Achieve Market Leadership: the Example of Amazon13422 Words   |  54 PagesFachgebiet Strategische Unternehmensfà ¼hrung Prof. Dr. Michael Mirow Seminar Paper on Strategies to Achieve Market Leadership: The Example of Amazon (Summer term 2005) presented by: Sà ¶ren Preibusch, 215995 Kottbusser Damm 24 10967 Berlin Matthias Fleckenstein, 215274 Magistratsweg 21 13593 Berlin Berlin, May 17, 2005 Table of Contents I Table of Contents Table of Contents ............................................................................................ I TableRead MoreThe Narrative Research Method9739 Words   |  39 Pagesdoes not exist and is being provided in this paper. Here, we explain the theoretical foundations and key elements of narrative research and present an exemplar of the application of this method. Table 2. 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Example: For individualsRead MoreBusiness in Singapore30736 Words   |  123 Pagesconnectivity between Singapore and the region, which is in line with Singapore’s position as a trading base for Asia. c. Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) FTAs are superhighways that connect Singapore to major economies and new markets. With FTAs, Singapore-based exporters and investors stand to enjoy a myriad of benefits like tariff concessions, preferential access to certain sectors, faster entry into markets, investment and Intellectual Property (IP) protection. Singapore has concluded 18 regional and bilateral

Explanatroy Synthesis - Black Hawk War free essay sample

Since Saukenuk was Black Hawks hometown, he was determined to hold onto it and was ready to oppose Americans because he saw the Americans as a threat to his culture and land (John 3). His anger and disgrace towards the Americans eventually led to the Black Hawk war along with couple of other factors. The unjust treaty of 1804 was one of the main factors of the War and it made Black Hawk even more concerned about the Americans and the treaty also caused some intertribal rivalries between different Indian tribes but even after that Black Hawk was hoping to avoid a war. It is known that the American soldiers who confronted Black Hawk allegedly fired the first shot, which started the Black Hawk war. The United States Government put forth many treaties to obtain the Land from the Indians but the unjust Treaty of 1804 is known as the main factor that led to the War of 1832. We will write a custom essay sample on Explanatroy Synthesis Black Hawk War or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The way the signing of the this Treaty took place was very unlawful because most of the Indians who signed it were not really main authority holders of the Indian tribes and the signing of the treaty proceeded even though there were many Indians who were not ready to sell their lands over to the Americans (John 1). Some of the Indians did not even fully understood the conditions of the treaty and the worst part of this treaty was that it gave the land of the Saukenuk village over to the Americans, which made Black Hawk furious and bitter (Tena 3). Since even Black Hawk, who was a major Indian chief did not have the complete knowledge about the extent of the Treaty, it proves that the Treaty of 1804 was unlawful and unjust. After the Treaty of 1804, Black and other Sauks became extremely bitter and enraged towards the Americans. The Treaty also ended up causing some intertribal rivalries between the indian tribes. Black Hawk and his followers were not willing to accept the terms of the treaty of 1804 and wanted to resist the American ways but on the other hand some Indian tribes feared that they would stand no chance against the Americans and did what they were told by the Americans, which became the cause of tension between the Indians (John 2-3). One of the leaders who held a different point of view from Black Hawk was Keokuk, who was also the leader of Sauks indians and he had no intentions of resisting against the Americans ( Jane 4 ). The different point of views of the Indian tribes and the intertribal rivalries that the Treaty of 1804 stirred up caused Black hawk and his followers to go on a different path, which was to try and move back to the land where they all originally started from. That land was Illinois and the Americans had begin settling there. Black Hawk and his followers tried several times to retake their hometown but could not succeed and were attacked by the Americans, which led to the conflict known as the Black Hawk war. The Indian chief with his couple hundred followers decided to resist against the Americans and tried going back to where they started from, with the purpose of settling there (Jane 4). However, Black Hawk was still hoping to avoid getting into a war with the americans but in the end it was inevitable. The Americans always thought of the native Indians as savages, who killed a lot of Americans in the past. So when Black Hawk and his people were crossing the Mississippi River, they were attacked by the American soldiers and the Indians ultimately lost (Arnold 1). It is known that the Americans allegedly attacked and fired on the Indians first, which resulted in the Black Hawk war of 1832 and the capture of the Indian Chief; Black Hawk by the Americans. The road to the Black Hawk war of 1832 was paved by the unlawful treaty of 1804, which not just enraged Black Hawk but also caused a lot of intertribal rivalries between the Indians and further more the unjust actions of American soldiers brought upon the downfall of Black Hawk (Tena).

Zaevon Prince Essays - United States Navy, Advertising, Marketing

Zaevon Prince Professor Dr. I. Ayafor English 102:003 18 March 2016 Rhetorical Analysis (Toulmin Analysis) The advertisement presents a wide-ranging and precise purpose, and that is to tell a stor y in order to grant the reader the broad idea of The United States Navy. Advertisements usually are designed for one reason, and that is to get the reader interested, hopeful, and even excited about the product or the organization. In this case of joining the Navy, it targeted those who hope to inspire, promote welfare to all people, and to be proud of their accomplishments. It used the story in this scenario of Dr. Grossman and how all of his accompl ishments have been due to the efforts the U.S. bestowed in him. The inclusive tenacity of this advertisement is to encourage those who are driven, have a passion, and want to find a career relatively rewarding, to join the United States Navy because all of those outlooks will be a product of what the U.S. Navy program can deliver. The author wants the r eader to believe that The U.S. N avy can supply jobs that can be rewarding , it also gives an inclusive idea about the person one could be after they finish the program. The claim in this advertisement is stated at the very end, it can be argued that it is implied in the beginning when it says that, "Sense of Community", and in subscript it says, "United States Navy 1990-1991". It gives the reader an idea that the paragraph is an indication of Dr. Grossman's experience but it does not acknowledge it until it is stated at the end. It is stated in the advertisement that because one is a product of the Navy, they are able to live out their dreams and to be the most prominent person in their field. It is not necessarily propaganda either, it does not imply that, "The Navy wants you" it gives a choice based on what the person reading it took from Dr. Grossman's story. The author wants the reader to believe that those who are driven, have a passion and seek a rewarding career should join the Navy because it states that, "It came from an organization that emphasizes respect for people and commitment larger than one's self: The United States Navy". This supports the claim because it is initiating a specific organization , can give and imply all of the things that Dr. Grossman is, and his career path. For example, when Dr. Grossman's story says that he, "is proud of his multidiscipline approach to dentistry". This is another claim that the United States Navy made him a disciplined man, and that his is also proud of his craft, which in this case is dentistry. All of these things are evidence that the United States Navy molded Dr. Grossman into what he takes pride in, how discipline he is, and the man he hopes to because of his experience. The author believes that by telling the story of Dr. Grossman, and stating that he is a man of pride, discipline and finds his career rewarding, that the person who is reading this article will take part in The United States Navy. These values are stated all throughout the advertisement, and it reaches the level of pulling the reader in using pathos, which is to make the reader feel that they can experience pride, discipline and a rewarding career . This warrants the integrity of the advertisement because it allows myself - the reader, to accept this to be true because it is based on what someone else experienced and because it happened to them, it could potentially affect me, if I were to join the Navy. It is truly convincing because of the level of detail the advertisement went into to encourage one that all of those rewards and promises are based on the integrity of the Navy. In this case anyone who reads it would not be able to determine that this is true, if it were no t based on an honest review from Dr. Grossman. The advertisement is not targeted at a specific group and or an origin of people. It is

Essay on Mudras

Essay on Mudras Essay on Mudras Essay on MudrasMudras stand for hand gestures. For several thousands of years mudras have been widely used in India for a number of purposes: in healing process, as storytelling techniques, for emotional expression, in dancing, as well as for evoking the most prominent spiritual conditions. The system of mudras has been elaborated for the application in yoga practices and Indian dancing. In general, there are over 200 hand mudras. Each mudra has its â€Å"specific technique, application, health and spiritual benefits and historical background† (Carroll Carroll 3). Mudras play an important role in the context of traditional spiritual system of India. According to Cain Carroll and Revital Carroll, â€Å"hand mudras or hand gestures have an important role in yogic thought and Indian culture, where they have probably been explained in more detail than perhaps any other tradition† (9). Mudras have an enormous power over human body, solidifying the human body and mind and pr oviding self-enhancement.Some Facts from the History of Mudras  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mudras have a long and colorful history, but the origin of Mudras remains a mystery. According to some researchers, â€Å"the origin of Mudras date to esoteric Buddhism, particularly the Tendai and Shingon sects†(Menen 42). In ancient India, Mudras were used in martial art. The major purpose of application different Mudras was to generate and effectively use spiritual focus and power in fighting. Experts consider that Mudras have some magical explanations, which are often very difficult to understand. Moreover, Mudras were used in important rituals and rites of the old cultural traditions of Hinduism and Buddhism not only in India, but also in Tibet, Japan, China, Indonesia and other Asian countries. The images of Mudras were found in the cave paintings and sculptures of Ajanta and Ellora caves, which date back to the 2 and 1 centuries BC.Besides, the earliest Hindu know ledge about Mudras was recorded in the â€Å"ancient documentations of Mantra Shastra, or â€Å"the book of incantations†, Upasana Shastra, or â€Å"the book of worship and prayers† and the Nritya Shastra, or â€Å"the book of classical dances† (Bansal). Some experts consider that the science of Mudras was originated from yoga practice as the exercises for relaxation.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In addition, the science of Mudras provides an opportunity to learn how to coordinate the action of five elements in order to awaken the powers of human body. The word â€Å"Mudra† is a Sanskrit word, which means â€Å"sign† or â€Å"seal†. The hand gestures have different positions that help to guide the flow of energy to the brain. The imbalance in human body means that one of five elements is too active, or too weak in its functioning. This imbalance leads to disharmony of the whole system or to various diseases.The Use of Mudras in Practice  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mudras are used in yoga practice. In yoga, Mudras are considered to be the â€Å"developed forms of asanas† (Ramdev 133). Mudras are closely connected with human senses, and in yoga practice, mudras give positive results. There are two categories of Mudras in yoga practice: first, Mudras as hand gestures that regulate the key element of the system, and, second, â€Å"Mudras that help in awakening the Kundalini and elevating the pranas† (Ramdev 133).   It has been found that the universe involves five elements: fire, air, space, earth and water. Human body also has been made of five elements, and the five fingers stand for these elements: â€Å"the thumb represents fire, index finger –air, middle finger –space, ring finger –earth, and the little finger-water† (Ramdev 133). The major goal of yoga practice is to balance these elements. In Hatha Yoga, there are 25 Mudras that affect vario us processes, including cleansing and breathing exercises.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Besides, Mudras are used in Indian classical dance, such as Nritta dance (â€Å"pure dance†) and Nrytia (â€Å"expressional dance†). According to Cain Carroll and Revital Carroll, â€Å"in classical Indian dance there is a significant emphasis on the conscious formation of hand gestures†(23). An Indian dancer should hold her hands in some specific manner and in the proper Mudra. Researchers state that â€Å"the ground for such a unique feature in a dance form lies in the cultural context it emerged within† (Carroll Carroll 23). As classical Indian dance is closely connected with spiritual rituals and religious philosophy, Mudras help to generate energy that comes from the dancer’s hands. As a rule, Mudras used in the classical Indian dance, are the major tools for storytelling. Mudras help to express the emotions of a dancer. Researchers argue th at â€Å"Mudras are used following the view of Tantra, for the purposes of transformation and evolution by stimulating the flow of Shakti (â€Å"primal force†) in the organs, glands, and nerve channels of the body† (Carroll Carroll 23).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Moreover, Mudtas are used in Indian iconography, mainly in Hindu and Buddhist art. The ancient scripture NÄ tyaÅ›Ä stra provides a description of 24 asaá ¹ yuta Mudras (one-hand gestures) and 13 saá ¹ yuta Mudras (two-hand gestures). Various hand gestures can be found in Hindu and Buddhist iconography, although there are some differences between iconographic conventions. Researchers believe that various symbolic bone ornaments are also can be viewed as Mudras.Conclusion  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thus, it is necessary to conclude that Mudras have been used for centuries. Mudras are an essential part of ancient rituals of the established cultural traditions in Hindu ism and Buddhism. Mudras are used not only in yoga practice, but also in Indian classical dance and iconography. People honor Mudras as supreme force of cosmos. Mudras help people to obtain three sublime powers the physical, mental and spiritual powers.

Word Count and Book Length

Word Count and Book Length Word Count and Book Length Word Count and Book Length By Maeve Maddox A novelist of my acquaintance insists that the only way to estimate the number of words in a book is to multiply the number of pages by 250. That was the formula in the good old days when Courier was the only typeface and typewriters were King. Now we have computers and word processing software. Its no longer necessary to estimate according to the 250-words-per-page formula. All we have to do is use the WP tool that shows Word Count. Publishers want to know the overall length of your book. An approximate word count (round numbers) based on what your WP tells you enables them to estimate costs and other factors involved in printing a book. Novels for adult readers fall between 80,000 and 120,000 words. A novel of 50,000 would be the absolute minimum for some genres and, unless you are Ken Follett or some other established author, you should view 100,000 as the maximum. (Yes, exceptions for a first novel can be found, but writers who depend upon being The Exception are handicapping themselves unnecessarily.) Every genre has its own length preferences. Novels intended for the adult market will be longer than those targeted at children and young adults. A young adult novel will run between 20,000 and 40,000 words. In terms of adult mainstream fiction, that length would be considered a novella. TIP: Dont compose your novel with skinny margins, single-spacing and some off-the-wall font and then make formatting changes when youre ready to market the completed manuscript. Draft your novel in standard format from the start: 12-point Times Roman or 12-point Courier. Double-spacing Margins set to 1-inch all round Indented paragraphs NOTE: Dont put extra spacing between paragraphs unless your intention is to indicate a shift of viewpoint or passage of time. When you are ready to approach an agent or a publisher, study their guidelines carefully and submit your work exactly according to their preferences. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:25 Subordinating ConjunctionsList of 50 Great Word Games for Kids and AdultsBail Out vs. Bale Out

Hispanic American Diversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 4

Hispanic American Diversity - Essay Example Hispanics share the heritage of the Spanish language but many do not speak Spanish at all. Among the Mexican Americans, 23 percent speak English, 26 percent are bilingual and 51 percent are Spanish dominant. The society is concerned about their immigrant status and is often confused whether their stay is legal or illegal. The Mexican Americans comprise of the affluent as well as poor peasants. They usually come from low income background and have less formal education. They have made gain in formal schooling but still lag behind most Hispanics. Family and religion are a great source of strength to the community. They have religious preference for the Catholic Church. The court of law does not provide protection for the poor, Spanish-speaking. The community has a culture of poverty as they have no future planning, no commitment to marriage and no work ethic. They prefer to adhere to their Mexican culture. As the number of Mexican Americans is growing, they have become conscious voters . Thus subgroup is politically conscious and when they did not get any response from the established politicians, they set up their own party. The Mexican Americans are eligible for dual nationality. Even if their children are born in America, they can claim Mexican nationality, although dual nationality does not give them voting rights in Mexico. They can be found in large number in New York. Puerto Ricans are English-oriented with about 39 percent being English-dominant and 40 percent of the population being bi-lingual. Only 21 percent of the Puerto Ricans are Spanish-dominant. This subgroup too, is challenged by the immigrant officials but they have the same voting rights as other Americans. Puerto Ricans are no longer concentrated in New York but are dispersed throughout New Jersey, Illinois, Florida and California. They are more familiar with the US culture and the English language. Unemployment among the mainland Puerto Ricans is high. They have a vibrant

FACTION, LIBERTY, AND PROPERTY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

FACTION, LIBERTY, AND PROPERTY - Essay Example In his view, Madison said that liberty is worse than the disease of faction; liberty being among the two remedy to remove the causes faction, the other is by giving every citizen the same opinions, the same passions, and the same interests. Liberty according to Madison fans factions and works like an air to a fire, â€Å"an aliment without which it instantly expires† and â€Å"as long as the reason of man continues to be fallible, and he is at liberty to exercise it, different opinions will be formed† (Madison 1). Liberty despite its destructive agency, as it nourishes faction, â€Å"it could not be less folly to abolish liberty, [because it] is essential to political life (Madison 1). In his commentary in Federalist Paper No. 10, he wrote that as long as man is at liberty, different opinions will be formed. The unequal distribution of property which are those who have and have-nots are the most common and durable source of factions. This divided them into classes and actuated by different sentiments and views whom the regulation of these various and interfering interests is the principle task of modern legislation. 2. Why do factions present a problem to the institutions of a free and democratic form of government? In Madison’s view, faction presents a problem when a â€Å"group of individuals created a faction with a common interest that was adverse to individual rights, the rights of minorities and against the common good† (Riley). A faction that is given a chance to rule will invariably push for their own narrow and selfish interests than can be inimical to justice and public good. As a result, public institutions will become an instrument of private greed where factions can hasten their own narrow self interest. Worst, public institutions which should have been a dispenser of justice and an agent of public good will become an instrument for oppression and ceases to be free and democratic as it does not represent the true will o f the people but only the narrow interest of the few. 3. Why does Madison consider factions both the underlying basis of, and the fundamental problem in, politics? Faction is spawned by man’s fallible reasoning and fanned by liberty which was later formed as a shared interest of a number of citizens in a given society. This can be a fundamental problem in politics due to the nature of man to hold interest that is particularly inherent in his circumstances. Sidhu gave an example that â€Å"the merchant will naturally support low taxes on imports or exports and the religious man will resist restrictions on freedoms of expression† (8). In short, faction has a tendency to make man self-serving and will become a fundamental problem in politics if it becomes a supervisory agent of the people. In addition, faction divides people into contentious groups who are also endeavoring to pursue the same passions and opinions whose process only represents a marginal group of people wh ose interests can be inimical to public good. Putting factions in leadership can be likened to investing private greed to be a supervisory agent of the state and the people which could present a problem in politics. 4. Is it possible to resolve this problem, and if so, in what manner? Madison’

The Power of Fate vs. Free

The Power of Fate vs. Free Will Essay 1001 Nights has many stories, with the same theme fate vs. free will. In these stories several characters have to deal with the choices they make and their outcome. What is fate verse free will? Fate could be more destined to happen, as free will could be the ability to do what you want, and pursue your interests. In the story, aâ‚ ¬? The Enchanted Horse,aâ‚ ¬? it was either fate or free will of man that decided the outcome of the story. In ancient times fate was considered to be part of life. Almost every aspect of life was based upon fate. An example of fate in aâ‚ ¬? The Enchanted Horse,aâ‚ ¬? would be when the king did not allow the Indianaâ‚ ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s reward to marry the princess, so the Indian tricked the Prince into riding the horse. The Indian was locked away in prison by the King for allowing the prince to leave on the magic horse, Well, your head shall answer for it, returned the monarch, and if in three months he is not safe back with me, or at any rate does not send me news of his safety, your life shall pay the penalty. So saying, he ordered his guards to seize the Indian and throw him into prison. (Lane Pg 1). This quote from the story shows how this story could be choosing fate for not only the prince but also the Indian. This quote once said by someone can relate to this topic and story in several ways: It is my fate to control my destiny, and it is my destiny to control my fate, People have free will and can decide how their life turns out. Regarding kings, magic, and genies, mankind has the ability to control their lives. In the story the prince had the choice to fly around or go back home after discovering the switch on the horses neck but chose to find a princess instead. He then remembered that he had never waited to ask how he was to get back to again, and understood the danger in which he stood. Luckily, he did not lose his head, and set about examining the horses neck with great care, till at last, to his intense joy, he discovered a tiny little peg, much smaller than the other, close to the right ear. This he turned, and found him-self dropping to the earth, though more slowly than he had left it. (Lane pg 2) Towards the end of the story he won over the princess by beating the kings large army. By the prince choosing free will he chose a cause and effect to take place. He chose to find a princess instead of willing able to return home. After reading the story it was hard to distinguish which is best, fate or free will. It is the enchanting story that keeps you wondering which will it be. Fate and free will both decide the turn out of the prince in this story. With the help of the magic, trickery, and kings in the story, that helped show the themes of fate and free will.

Canals :: essays research papers

Explain changes that took place in Canals during 1750 – 1900 Water transport was a lot quicker than road transport, the only problem was that rivers meandered and flooded, some places were too shallow for boats to go through. A lot of trade was done by sea, coal mainly came to London by sea. Before 1750 improvement schemes were planned but the rivers still flooded travelling by land with goods ment they would get damaged and broken. IN the 18th century the main rivers were; The River Themes, Dee, Trent, Severn, and Humber. Here is a table of when the canals opened: <table border="1"> NAME AND LOCATIONLENGTH (KM/MI)YEAR OPENEDBaltic-White Sea, Russia226.91 / 141.001933Suez, Egypt162.13 / 100.761869Albert, Belgium130.36 / 81.001939Moscow, Russia128.75 / 80.001937Nord-Ostsee, Germany96.56 / 60.001895Gà ¶ta, Sweden86.91 / 54.001832Panama, Panama81.63 / 50.721914Houston Ship Channel, United States80.47 / 50.001914Amsterdam-Rhine, Netherlands62.76 / 39.001952Manchester Ship Canal, England57.13 / 35.501894Chicago Sanitary and Ship, United States48.28 / 30.001900Welland Ship, Canada*44.42 / 27.601932Juliana, Netherlands33.80 / 21.001934Chesapeake-Delaware, United States30.58 / 19.001829North Sea-Amsterdam, Netherlands28.97 / 18.001876Cape Cod, United States28.16 / 17.501914Kronshtadt-Leningrad, Russia27.36 / 17.001885Lake Washington Ship, United States12.88 / 8.001916New Orleans Industrial, United States9.66 / 6.001923Sault Sainte Marie (N.), United States2.57 / 1.601919Sault Sainte Marie, Canada2.09 / 1.301895 * Reconstructed from the old Welland Canal, which was originally completed in 1833. In 1757 the first canal was built, it was called Sankey Cut, it went from St. Hellans to the river Mersy to let barges carry coal from Lancastershire mines to Liverpool. The Duke of Bridgewater built a canal to get coal from his colliery in Worsley to Manchester, a few km away. He employed an engineer (James Brindley) to do so. The Duke made a profit of  £100,000 a year. James Brindleys most famouse canal was the Grand Trunk canal, it links the river Trent to the river mersy and runs through potteries, it was finished in 1777. By 1790, a canal network linked four major ports; Bristol, Liverpool, Hull and London. Enthusiasm continued in the 1790’s so canals were built in rural areas and never made very much profit from them, even if they did benefit people who live near them. Between 1760 and 1840 almost 6,500 km of canal had been built.Some people converted their barges to carry animals to market. From 1774 and comfortable passenger service ran from Altrichham to Manchester. Businessmen hired people like James Brindly, Thomas Telford and William Jessop to build canals to raise the money they set up campaigns.

A Perspective on the Influence of College Clubs Essay

College clubs have been a part of university life since the very first fraternities and sororities were created. If the student so chooses, he or she can make college an experience to remember by joining a club. They range from things like journalism and math to sports such as soccer or lacrosse. People who join these clubs tend to have a background in the topic or at the very least, an interest in learning about it. There is a club for everything you can think of, and if there isn’t, it is not that hard to start one. Clubs in college, although similar to those in high school, are quite different in the types of people and the variety of cultures brought together by the sheer size and caliber of a college. The importance and benefits of college clubs cannot be numbered, not just for the students but also for the community. Though there are myriad benefits to joining a college club, some have brought up possible problems with joining or being able to join clubs. Academically speaking, college clubs have interfered with a student’s productivity, particularly in the areas of homework and studying. This leads into the economic issues with college clubs; students sometimes have trouble being able to pay fees to join clubs that they would like to join and therefore can be deprived of the experience simply because of financial issues. Finally the social perspective: some sociologists have been led to the conclusion that college clubs have, in several cases, caused social problems for students because of the connections people unknowingly make between a club name or topic and a preconceived notion about what it may concern. These arguments, while valid, do not outweigh the benefits derived from joining clubs. Joining a club during your freshman year of college is a great way to meet people who have similar interests. Finding friends in college can be difficult. College clubs can help change that because they bring together people from different cultures and backgrounds and create a common ground where they can discuss their ideas about a certain topic in a safe environment without having to worry about being ridiculed. College clubs are a way for people to establish their own socioeconomic status, or SES, within the campus and dictate their values. Depending on the clubs available, people join the ones that will most suit them and create a reputation just by the clubs they join. The various options come with various consequences and outcomes during and after college. Marybeth Walpole, an Assistant Professor at Rowan University, has discovered that the clubs one joins have been proven to shape the way one progresses through college, and, in some cases, completely alter the way one views the world after college. John Foubert and Lauren Grainger explored the psychological development of students in their freshman year and those in their senior year and the differences between the two. They found that students who get involved during their freshman year show more development over the course of the four year period and are more likely to continue to join clubs and find ways to involve themselves on campus. Clubs have a very influential and positive impact on both the students that participate in them and the campus, or community, where they take place. Research on college clubs has been tested and revealed several interesting facts about the correlation between academic performance and being part of a club. In general, taking part in a club has little to no effect on doing well academically in school. This generalization, taken from the statistical analysis of a collection of survey responses conducted by Myrnell L. Martin, a graduate of Missouri West, is applied with the knowledge that most clubs are non-academic and instead support extra-curricular activity. Many believe that clubs can interfere with homework and study time in a student’s life. This can be true if the student is unorganized and is unable to manage a schedule. With this in mind, a club can therefore act as a tool to help the student manage time more wisely. For most college students, participation in a club allows the student to have a basis on which he or she can create a schedule and arrange their daily lives. Homework and studying should not take a backseat to clubs but certainly does not have to as long as the students takes into account the amount of work that must be done both for the club and outside of the club. This concept, of successful time management, learned by the student because of joining a club in college, can then be applied outside of college in the working world. Joining a club can quite possibly cost a lot, depending, of course, on the club. Clubs whose fees are higher generally have smaller group and a much more developed program. Most clubs only require a few dollars out of pocket, perhaps twenty-five dollars at most, at the very beginning for small purchases here and there. Those clubs that don’t require any fees are usually the most populated and will have a greater chance of bringing people from very diverse backgrounds together. Although clubs may charge fees, many clubs will have payment options or even sponsorships from various third parties. This is truly beneficial for students who are stretched to the limit financially, especially at expensive universities. Paying for club participation is usually a sign of quality, and leads to an enriched environment in which the student can take more away from the experience. When clubs charge a fee, it means they have either activities planned for the club or possibly some food and paraphernalia throughout the year. While having to pay for a club does not sound like the most exciting thing in the world for college students, it will most likely to lead to a more rewarding experience and more enjoyment from that club. College clubs have their place on campus, and are often widely recognized as important contributors to the campus as a whole. In special cases, clubs have developed into organizations that play a major part in the goings-on on campus. These include student governing organizations and the like which have developed because students take an interest in government and ruling ideals which help these students later on in life because they learn about the democratic process in a hands-on environment, as well as leadership skills that can be applied across the board. Clubs have a history of improving campus life and involving students in societal projects to better the community. Edward Hartshorne conducted research in this field and discovered that college is the ideal place for continuous club organizations and their universal impact on the campus. He reasons that each student’s impact spans for an approximate seven year â€Å"generation,† where there are the three years ahead of the student as a freshman and then the three years behind the student as a senior. This provides for a perpetuation of ideas through normal contact which results in a link that can span for as long as the club or organization decides to continue. This continuation of clubs and ideas transforms into a sort of â€Å"college culture†, described by Hartshorne as the upholding of certain social â€Å"norms†, which were established long before each generation arrived and will continue to endure after that generation departs. I, myself, am currently involved in Cal Poly Club Lacrosse as well as Formula SAE, and feel I am better for it. It allows me to escape from the academic side of college and do physical exercise in a manner that suits me. I love playing lacrosse and though I find it hard to make the time commitment I have always been able to push myself to make time in my schedule for everything I need to get done. Club lacrosse helps me to organize myself because it creates a time pressure situation where I must manage my time wisely and complete the homework necessary before I plan time for myself. Although I have had less time to do the things I want to do, such as hang out with friends, I still am able to do these activities, just in moderation. However, I accomplish more because I strive to do better so that I don’t have to stress out over the small things. Lacrosse has also been an outlet for me to find new friends on campus which I can rely on because I know that lacrosse is important for them as well. Formula SAE allows me to utilize what I’ve learned in school and apply it to real life situations by designing a racecar to compete against other schools. I have learned a lot from both the club experience and the other members of the club. This club also allows me to spend time with other engineers who are interested in cars. Clubs have definitely made a difference in my life at Cal Poly and I’m that they can do the same for all college freshmen.

Lenin’s Russia Essay

1. The painting shows that Lenin is pleased to be back in Russia. He has his hand up waving at the crowd. Lenin looks happy and he looks pleased to be back. He also looks to be pleased by the way that the crowd are reacting to his return. The crowd are happy to have Lenin back. The people’s faces are all looking at him and they are all waving back at him. There are people playing musical instruments at what looks like a celebration to welcome him back. They are celebrating the return of Vladimir Ilich Ulyanov, who later changed his name to Lenin, from exile in Finland. The people are pleased to see Lenin and they would therefore be the people that agree with Lenin and his ideas and decisions. The crowd is not just townspeople that have gone to meet Lenin. There are men there with bullets over their shoulders. These people are soldiers that agreed with Lenin’s ideas. They had some force with their guns and this means that Lenin had some force. All of these townspeople see Lenin as a leader for Russia that is why they are there. This is not a true reflection over all of Russia. This source is very inaccurate as it is painting and could have been a forgery to make Lenin look popular and make it look like there are a lot of people there. 2. The painting does show that Lenin was popular in Finland station, which is in Russia like Waterloo station is in London, but this is not a true reflection over the whole of Russia. The people that were at Finland station are clearly pleased to have him back but in other parts of Russia this was not the case. Lenin was only popular with the people that supported communism and supported Bolshevik rule. These were known as the reds and the opposition was known as the whites due to the color of their uniforms that their armies wore. It is clear that this painting does not show the feeling over the rest of Russia because the civil war came. This tells us that Lenin was not popular all over Russia and he had opposition in the whites that he fought in the civil war. This was not only the case in Russia but also all over the world. When the civil war started Lenin and the reds didn’t have any outside allies while the Americans, the French and the British supported the whites. These countries wanted to help the whites against Lenin because Lenin had pulled Russia out of the First World War before it had ended. They were bitter about it and so they helped fight against him. In conclusion Lenin was popular and respected in certain areas of Russia like Finland station but across the rest of Russia and the World he was not admired or acclaimed. Source B 3. Each photograph has Lenin on the left standing on a podium talking to the crowd that are surrounding him. On the first photograph Lenin has two men standing to his right on the stairs. These men are Trotsky and Kamenev who were the right hand men to Lenin. In the second photo Lenin is again standing on the podium but in this photo there is no Trotsky or Kamenev, photographic experts have removed Trotsky and Kamenev. 4. These pictures are so different because in the first one Lenin is accompanied by two men, Trotsky and Kamenev but in the second picture they have disappeared from the image. These pictures were used as propaganda pictures by Stalin after the death of Lenin to inform the people that Trotsky and Kamenev were not anymore involved with Stalin. It is as if they have disappeared. Trotsky was the man behind the red army. He was the man that gained a great victory in the civil war and saved the Revolution. Trotsky would have been the man to take over from Lenin after his death but due to the fact he was clever he was hated by the other Communist leaders and was never supported, so a man that was lower down in rank was given the job, Joseph Stalin. Stalin and the other communist leaders hated Trotsky. He was removed from any position of power in the country so that he couldn’t cause any problem for Stalin. Stalin took power with Zinovliev and Kamenev after Lenin’s death. They accused Trotsky of trying to split the communist party and take power for himself. No one defended Trotsky. After Trotsky had all of his positions of power removed he was exiled internally and then in 1929 Leon Trotsky was forced out of Russia and was exiled to Mexico. Once Stalin had taken power away from Trotsky before he was exiled, Stalin turned on Kamenev and Zinoviev. They were becoming worried and in 1926 they joined Trotsky in a United Opposition to Stalin’s policies. Stalin got his supporters to help him and both were sacked from their party and government positions. They were both allowed back into the party in 1928 but into positions with no power. So Stalin had ended up the solitary leader of Soviet Union. This trouble had left him very apprehensive of his colleagues. Stalin used the two photographs to show that Trotsky and Kamenev had fallen from their days of power when Lenin was alive and in charge. Source C 5. (i) Lenin is sweeping the entire world of Royalty, Aristocratic and Religious people. Lenin was against rich and powerful people and so that is why he is sweeping them off the globe. The people he is targeting are all the rich people. The man standing on top of the globe is Lenin. The first two men to his right of Lenin, with crowns on, look to be some kind of royalty. The person in the bottom left of the picture looks like an Orthodox Russian Church member. The man in the bottom right of the cartoon looks like a rich aristocrat. Lenin is using a broom and sweeping because that is traditionally associated with workers and not the rich. It is signifying the fight back of the workers to show that Lenin is on the workers side and that they will fight against the rich. 5. (ii) The Revolution of March 1917 that overthrew the tsarist regime caught Lenin by surprise, but he managed to secure passage through Germany in a sealed train. His dramatic arrival in Petrograd occurred one month after rebellious workers and soldiers had toppled the tsar. The Bolsheviks, including Joseph Stalin, had agreed with the deference the Soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies showed to the provisional government. Lenin immediately refused this line of policy. In his â€Å"April Theses† he argued that only the Soviet could respond to the hopes and needs of Russia’s workers and peasants. Under the slogan â€Å"All Power to the Soviets†, the Bolshevik party conference accepted Lenin’s programme. After an unsuccessful workers’ uprising in July, Lenin spent August and September 1917 in Finland, hiding from the provisional government. There, he formulated his concepts of a socialist government. He also bombarded the party’s Central Committee with demands for an armed uprising in the capital. His plan was finally accepted; it was put into effect on November 7th. A few days after the November Revolution, Lenin was elected head of government. He acted sensibly to consolidate the power of the new Soviet state. His main concern was the protection of the Revolution and Soviet power against enemies both abroad and at home. In line with these practical considerations Lenin accepted the heavy German terms for the Brest-Litovsk Peace Treaty. Lenin took power of Russia from the provisional government that didn’t put up that much of a fight at all to stop him from taking over. Lenin took power after the Tsar had fallen and the country was in disarray after the First World War. Lenin took power after being in exile from Russia so he hadn’t seen all of the effects that the war had on Russia. Source D 6. (i) Robert Lansing had a bad attitude towards the Russian revolution. He didn’t think that Russia could survive after the takeover by the Bolsheviks in the civil war. Lansing believed that the revolution would end in ‘brutality and destruction of life’. Lansing compares the Russian revolution with the French revolution. He says that before the French revolution France had a legal system and a government, Russia possesses neither. This means that he didn’t think that they would be capable of running the country. Lansing says that the country wouldn’t end up further developed. Which indicates that there is no point in fighting. To stop the problem they should get a government and a legal system. To advance his speech he hammers home his point that there is no authority or control. He continues to say that the country is full of anarchy and violence. He gives a comparison to a cauldron as though it is waiting to overflow, it is boiling up nicely. Finally he thinks of the people of Russia and how they will be affected by the war. He gives the sense that he feels sorry for the things that will happen to them. Robert Lansing’s attitude was that Russia would be worse off if the Bolsheviks took control of all Russia. His view is not necessarily correct, as Robert Lansing has biased opinion due to the fact that he was the US Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. He has a bad attitude towards Russia because they pulled out of the First World War. The Americans would be bitter and wouldn’t support anything that the Russians do. 6. (ii) When Robert Lansing said the words ‘Russian Terror’ he was referring to the pain that Russian people would feel. By terror he means that blood will be shed and life will be lost. He thinks that the death rate and property destruction will be higher than the French Revolution. He is saying that people have a hard time ahead of them if they live in Russia. Source E 7. This source comes from Winston Churchill at the time when he was the British Secretary of War and Air. Churchill has a very definite opinion of the Bolsheviks and there ideas, he doesn’t support them at all. You can tell from the first sentence he said ‘the Bolshevik Tyranny is the worst’. This is a very hard statement to take in. This means that a Tyrant ran the Bolshevik party so Churchill is calling Lenin a Tyrant and Churchill was calling Lenin cruel. He was calling the Bolshevik party cruel. This is a statement that sets out from the start that he doesn’t support the Bolsheviks. In the next sentence Churchill states that the things that had been done in Russia by Lenin and Trotsky are far worst than anything that the Kaiser of Germany did. To compare Trotsky and Lenin to the Kaiser is a very strong statement, as he was not at all liked by anyone in Germany. He was hurting everyone. Churchill doesn’t say that they are equal to the Kaiser but that they are worst than him. Churchill view on Russia would be biased because he is British and he still wouldn’t be too happy because Russia pulled out of the First World War. Churchill has more reason to be infuriated than most British people as he was in charge of Britain’s war effort. Source F 8. This source doesn’t show that the Bolshevik government was successful. They didn’t do the job that they set out to do which was to help the working class people. This source is bound to be accurate as it out of a history textbook it will be accurate because it is looking back on the incident and not looking forward like source D and E the book will also not have biased opinion. The first line says that Russian people suffered terribly in the civil war. This proves that Robert Lansing and Winston Churchill were correct with their prediction. Both said that the Russian people would suffer terribly and both were right. The Bolshevik government did not handle the civil war at all well. This source gives us some facts to back the suggestion that the government was not successful. The source tells us the economy collapsed. This meant that money was worthless. So the Bolsheviks didn’t mange to keep the money useable. The fact that industrial production had gone down means that they are going backwards and not improving the country, so Lansing was right when he said that this wasn’t the way to go. The civil war wasn’t killing as much as the diseases were which meant that innocent people were dying not just soldiers. The Bolsheviks were not fighting for their idea of workers, they were killing them instead. The communist was now becoming a dictatorship. This means that Churchill was right in his analysis comparing the Bolsheviks to the Kaiser who was a dictator. The source says that the Bolsheviks were losing support as well. This means that they were not successful at all. They didn’t have success at all from the civil war. Summary 9. Source A This source gives us a false sense of the popularity of Lenin in Russia. This painting is only of Finland station and does not give a good representation of the rest Russia. Lenin is proven not to liked all over Russia because there is the civil war and this means that one opposition party doesn’t like Lenin so this source is only a good indication as to where Lenin is liked. You can tell that he is liked at Finland station and the surrounding area. We do not know about the rest of the country but he is certainly liked in is one area. This source does not give us an accurate sense of Lenin’s popularity. This source could also be a forgery if it were a photograph it would be true but a painting can easily be made up. You cannot be certain if this is the true event that happened. Source B This source was used as propaganda for Stalin after Lenin’s death. These sources real point is the fact that Trotsky and Kamenev have fallen from the limelight, but the source can also be used to look at the popularity of Lenin and the message he was giving out to the people of Russia. In both pictures you can see the crowd covering the whole of the area. There are no gaps anywhere. This shows that Lenin was popular at this time and that people did listen to him. As I have already said this sources main point that Trotsky and Kamenev have gone but the photo can give other information. You can only see behind Lenin at the number of people but I would imagine that in front of him there would be more people as his voice would be projected that way. So this means there would be about triple the amount of people in photograph listening to Lenin. That may seem like a lot but over the whole of Russia it is small amount considering the vast size that is Russia. We are not told where this is and so might in an area where Lenin is popular like Finland station. You can tell that this event actually happened as it a photograph not a painting like the source before. Source C Source C is a political cartoon that is aiming to put across the message that Lenin is working with the working class. Lenin has the broom and is sweeping because that is associated with the working class people. He is sweeping the upper class and privileged people off of the world and taking over. If this cartoon were a true reflection on the job that Lenin was doing, you would assume that he would be popular with working class but not so the upper class people whom he wants to get rid of. This is not the case. The upper classes, rich people, were not impressed with Lenin trying to get rid of them. So he didn’t really become very popular with them. They didn’t like him and because they owned massive pasts of Russia this was a problem. This cartoon would have won some votes with the lower and working class the fact that he was trying to make it an even playing field for all. Source D This cannot really tell us much about the situation in Russia but it does give us a global sense of the feelings towards Lenin and his government. The first couple of lines give us a feel for what the Russian people would be in for. If the things Robert Lansing predicted happen then Lenin and his government would not be popular in Russia. The mass deaths would not go down well with the people in Russia. This did come true and so Lenin government didn’t look good. This source tells that the government didn’t have a lot of friends outside of the country. Lansing was an American and they were a major power but Lenin didn’t have their support as you can see from this statement. The statement written by Robert Lansing is a biased account though as the Americans were fighting the First World War with Russia until they pulled out and so there would be some bitterness between the two countries. Source E This source came from Winston Churchill. This again tells that Lenin was not popular outside of Russia. It gives a comparison to the Kaiser. If Lenin were thought of like the Kaiser then he would be hated like the Kaiser. Churchill gives a good comparison but his opinion is biased and should be not be used as fact it is only an opinion. Source F The final source gives reasons why Lenin was unpopular. This source is taken from a textbook and therefore will be correct. It gives facts why Lenin was not popular; economic collapse, Industrial production had dropped by 20 per cent of the level it was in 1913, harvest produced only 60 per cent of the normal amount and during the civil war famine and disease caused 8 million deaths. These facts give hard evidence why the Russian people have cause to not like Lenin. All of these sources tell us that Lenin and the Bolsheviks popularity changed over the time they were in power. If we can trust the early sources you would believe that he was popular. In 1917 Lenin would have been popular as the country was in disarray and would have supported any leader. However as his time went on the true view of Lenin came out. Towards 1924 he started to go down hill and wasn’t as respected by the people. When source F gives the final facts of what was happening it is easy to say that Lenin was not as successful as first thought. Lenin early high popularity dropped towards the end of his time to be hated by the people of Russia.

Free Essays on Krishna Consciousness

Krishna Consciousness Man’s quest to make sense of our existence and master questions of spirituality is a pervasive theme in the history of humankind. While the spiritual system associated with the first society of human life form may never be known, every group of people throughout history, regardless of location, has attempted to understand esoteric knowledge. Although written history only covers about seven thousand years of humanity, there is evidence of this search for understanding dating back some twenty-five to fifty-thousand years. In fact, the recent scientific findings of evidence leading to the existence of the lost continent Atlantis, coupled with historic accounts of Atlantean lifestyle from philosophers such as Plato to contemporary scientists throughout the world, have revealed a society dating back some seventy to one hundred thousand years in which there was an emphasis on the â€Å"Law of One.† Ironically, modern scientists, specifically quantum physicists, are scientif ically discovering the truth asserted by this ancient spiritual system’s underlying thesis which stated, â€Å"†¦everything is the same energy expressing itself in different forms.† While inklings of this simple, yet immaculate notion were embraced later by various spiritual sects, fundamentalist beliefs of the three major world religions, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, place a higher emphasis on separation and isolation than unity and connectedness. With over half of the world’s population and nearly eighty of the eighty-one percent of American religious constituents adhering to one of these three religions, it is no wonder why there is so much violence, poverty, and turmoil worldwide. On the positive side, traces of the â€Å"Law of One† can be seen in the religions of most indigenous people, so-called â€Å"third world† civilizations, and even some denominations of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. These thought provoking theologies are... Free Essays on Krishna Consciousness Free Essays on Krishna Consciousness Krishna Consciousness Man’s quest to make sense of our existence and master questions of spirituality is a pervasive theme in the history of humankind. While the spiritual system associated with the first society of human life form may never be known, every group of people throughout history, regardless of location, has attempted to understand esoteric knowledge. Although written history only covers about seven thousand years of humanity, there is evidence of this search for understanding dating back some twenty-five to fifty-thousand years. In fact, the recent scientific findings of evidence leading to the existence of the lost continent Atlantis, coupled with historic accounts of Atlantean lifestyle from philosophers such as Plato to contemporary scientists throughout the world, have revealed a society dating back some seventy to one hundred thousand years in which there was an emphasis on the â€Å"Law of One.† Ironically, modern scientists, specifically quantum physicists, are scientif ically discovering the truth asserted by this ancient spiritual system’s underlying thesis which stated, â€Å"†¦everything is the same energy expressing itself in different forms.† While inklings of this simple, yet immaculate notion were embraced later by various spiritual sects, fundamentalist beliefs of the three major world religions, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, place a higher emphasis on separation and isolation than unity and connectedness. With over half of the world’s population and nearly eighty of the eighty-one percent of American religious constituents adhering to one of these three religions, it is no wonder why there is so much violence, poverty, and turmoil worldwide. On the positive side, traces of the â€Å"Law of One† can be seen in the religions of most indigenous people, so-called â€Å"third world† civilizations, and even some denominations of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. These thought provoking theologies are...

Biography of Sarah Grimké, Antislavery Feminist

Biography of Sarah Grimkà ©, Antislavery Feminist Sarah Moore Grimkà © (November 26, 1792–December 23, 1873) was the elder of two sisters working against slavery and for womens rights. Sarah and Angelina Grimkà © were also known for their first-hand knowledge of slavery as members of a South Carolina slaveholding family, and for their experience with being criticized as women for speaking publicly. Fast Fact: Sarah Moore Grimkà © Known For: Pre-Civil War abolitionist who also fought for womens rightsAlso Known As: Sarah Moore Grimkà ©Born: November 26, 1792 in Charleston, South CarolinaParents: Mary Smith Grimke, John Faucheraud GrimkeDied: December 23, 1873 in BostonPublished Works: Epistle to the Clergy of the Southern States (1836), Letters on the Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women  (1837). The pieces were first published in Massachusetts-based abolitionist publications The Spectator and The Liberator, and later as a book.Notable Quote: I ask no favors for my sex, I surrender not our claim to equality. All I ask of our brethren is that they will take their feet from off our necks, and permit us to stand upright on the ground which God has designed us to occupy. Early Life Sarah Moore Grimkà © was born in Charleston, South Carolina on November 26, 1792, as the sixth child of Mary Smith Grimke and John Faucheraud Grimke. Mary Smith Grimke was the daughter of a wealthy South Carolina family. John Grimke, an Oxford-educated judge  who had been a captain in the Continental Army in the American Revolution, had been elected to South Carolinas House of Representatives.  In his service as a judge, he served as the chief justice for the state. The family lived during summers in Charleston and the rest of the year on their Beaufort plantation. The plantation had once grown rice, but with the invention of the cotton gin, the family turned to cotton as the main crop. The family owned many slaves who worked in the fields and in the house. Sarah, like all her siblings, had a nursemaid who was a slave and also had a companion, a slave her own age who was her special servant and playmate. Sarahs companion died when Sarah was 8, and she refused to have another one assigned to her. Sarah saw her older brother Thomas- six years her elder and the second-born of the siblings- as a role model who followed their father into law, politics, and social reform. Sarah argued politics and other topics with her brothers at home and studied from Thomas lessons. When Thomas went away to Yale Law School, Sarah gave up her dream of equal education. Another brother,  Frederick  Grimkà ©, also graduated from Yale University, and then moved to Ohio and became a judge there. Angelina Grimkà © The year after Thomas left, Sarahs sister Angelina was born. Angelina was the 14th child in the family; three had not survived infancy. Sarah, then 13, convinced her parents to permit her to be Angelinas godmother, and Sarah became like a second mother to her youngest sibling. Sarah, who taught Bible lessons at church, was caught and punished for teaching a maid to read- and the maid was whipped. After that experience, Sarah did not teach reading to any of the other slaves. Angelina, who was able to attend a girls school for daughters of the elite, was also horrified at the sight of whip marks on a slave boy she saw at school. Sarah was the one who comforted her sister after the experience. Northern Exposure When Sarah was 26, Judge Grimkà © traveled to Philadelphia and then to the Atlantic seashore to try to recover his health. Sarah accompanied him on this trip and cared for her father. When the attempt at a cure failed and he died, she stayed in Philadelphia for several more months. All told, she spent nearly a full year away from the South. This long exposure to Northern culture was a turning point for Sarah Grimkà ©. In Philadelphia on her own, Sarah encountered Quakers- members of the Society of Friends. She read books by the Quaker leader John Woolman and considered joining this group that opposed slavery and included women in leadership roles, but first she wanted to return home. Sarah returned to Charleston, and in less than a month she moved back to Philadelphia, intending it to be a permanent relocation. Her mother opposed her move. In Philadelphia, Sarah joined the Society of Friends and began to wear simple Quaker clothing. Sarah Grimke returned again in 1827 for a short visit to her family in Charleston. By this time, Angelina was in charge of caring for their mother and managing the household. Angelina decided to become a Quaker like Sarah, thinking she could convert others around Charleston. By 1829, Angelina had given up on converting others in the South to the anti-slavery cause, so she joined Sarah in Philadelphia. The sisters pursued their own education- and found that they did not have the support of their church or society. Sarah gave up her hope of becoming a clergy person and Angelina gave up her dream of studying at Catherine Beechers school. Antislavery Efforts Following these changes in their lives, Sarah and Angelina got involved with the abolitionist movement, which moved beyond the American Colonization Society. The sisters joined the American Anti-Slavery Society soon after its 1830 founding. They also became active in an organization working to boycott food produced with slave labor. On Aug. 30, 1835, Angelina wrote to abolitionist leader William Lloyd Garrison of her interest in the antislavery effort, including mention of what shed learned from her first-hand knowledge of slavery. Without her permission, Garrison published the letter, and Angelina found herself famous (and for some, infamous). The letter was widely reprinted. Their Quaker meeting was hesitant about supporting immediate emancipation, as the abolitionists did, and was also not supportive of women speaking out in public. So in 1836, the sisters moved to Rhode Island where Quakers were more accepting of their activism. That year, Angelina published her track, An Appeal to the Christian Women of the South, arguing for their support to end slavery through the force of persuasion. Sarah wrote An Epistle to the Clergy of the Southern States, in which she confronted and argued against the typical Biblical arguments used to justify slavery. Both publications argued against slavery on strong Christian grounds. Sarah followed that with An Address to Free Colored Americans. Speaking Tour The publication of those two works led to many invitations to speak. Sarah and Angelina toured for 23 weeks in 1837, using their own money and visiting 67 cities. Sarah was to speak to the Massachusetts Legislature on abolition; she became ill and Angelina spoke for her. Also that year, Angelina wrote her Appeal to the Women of the Nominally Free States, and the two sisters spoke before the Anti-Slavery Convention of American Women. Womens Rights Congregational ministers in Massachusetts denounced the sisters for speaking before assemblies including males and for questioning mens interpretation of Scripture. The epistle from the ministers was published by Garrison in 1838. Inspired by the criticism of women speaking publicly which was directed against the sisters, Sarah came out for womens rights. She published Letters on the Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women. In this work, Sarah Grimke advocated for both a continued domestic role for women and the ability to speak out about public issues. Angelina gave a speech in Philadelphia before a group that included women and men. A mob, angry about this violation of the cultural taboo of women speaking before such mixed groups, attacked the building, and the building was burned down the next day. Theodore Weld and Family Life In 1838, Angelina married Theodore Dwight Weld, another abolitionist and lecturer, before an interracial group of friends and acquaintances. Because Weld was not a Quaker, Angelina was voted out (expelled) of their Quaker meeting; Sarah was also voted out because she had attended the wedding. Sarah moved with Angelina and Theodore to a New Jersey farm and they focused on Angelinas three children, the first of whom was born in 1839, for some years. Other reformers, including Elizabeth Cady Stanton and her husband, stayed with them at times. The three supported themselves by taking in boarders and opening a boarding school. Later Years and Death After the Civil War, Sarah remained active in the womens rights movement. By 1868, Sarah, Angelina, and Theodore were all serving as officers of the Massachusetts Woman Suffrage Association. On March 7, 1870, the sisters deliberately flouted the suffrage laws by voting along with 42 others. Sarah remained active in the suffrage movement until her death in Boston in 1873. Legacy Sarah and her sister continued to write letters of support to other activists on womens and slavery issues for the rest of their lives. (Angelina died just a few years after her sister, on Oct. 26, 1879.) Sarah Grimkà ©s longest epistle, Letters on the Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women, had a profound effect on the womens rights movement because it is considered the first developed public argument for womens equality in the U.S. Generations of advocates would take up the mantle of womens rights in later years- from Susan B. Anthony to Betty Friedan, who were both considered pioneers in the fight for womens suffrage and feminism- but Grimkà © was the very first to give full throat, in public fashion, to the argument that women should have equal rights with men. Sources â€Å"Abolitionist Newspapers.†Ã‚  Gale Library of Daily Life: Slavery in America, Encyclopedia.com, 2019.â€Å"Grimke Sisters.†Ã‚  National Parks Service, U.S. Department of the Interior.â€Å"Sarah Moore Grimkà ©.†Ã‚  National Womens History Museum.ï » ¿Ã¢â‚¬Å"Sarah Moore Grimke Quote.†Ã‚  AZquotes.com.

Supply Chain Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Supply Chain Management - Essay Example This study focuses on various aspects of Supply Chain Management and appropriate strategies to incorporate green and ethical and supply chain. But in this entire process the major questions one need to focus upon is that while implementing ethical and environmental practices , does the price on the clothing and the choices one can offer effect on pricing of the be affected or not. Supply Chain Management Supply Chain Management is the process to effectively supervise, control and administer the practice of extending goods and services to ultimate consumers. The objective and purpose of incorporating an ethical supply chain is to maintain a responsible logistic system whereby products and services are proliferated in the most ethical manner (Cousins, Lamming, Lawson, and Squire, 2008). The issues and concern of ethical supply management comprise of broad goals of ‘product supply’ along with the ‘means for the same’ that is the management tasks and activities. ... Introducing Green Supply Chain Management (Source: Penfield P, 2007) But the overall impact is that incorporation of ethical policies would in turn aor up the prices of goods as the ultimate cost burden of implementing advanced technology and achieving ethical standards will be passed on to the customers in form of increased pricing, hence it is difficult to make cheap gooods available at lowest pricing. The make-buy decision Sourcing of products from other countries has become major cause of concern for supermarkets as they enhance and aggravate chances of pollution. Supermarkets established in Great Britain have become a part of Ethical Trading Initiative so that their dedication and commitment towards sourcing of products can be socially acclaimed. Hence, the question has become critical whether products should be manufactured internally or sourced from other nations. It is clear that if supermarket is really concerned about incorporating ethical sourcing then it would certainly h ave to bear high costs. What needs to be done by Co-op supermarket is to apply a Green Sustainable Supply Chain within the domestic range of the organization that can provide abundant opportunities for the firm to reduce cost and create wider choice for its customers (Harrison, A & Van Hoek, 2008). However, if the organiation decides to manufacture goods locally rather than outsourcing them providing a large variety of goods to the customers would become a matter of concern, hence From a sustainable viewpoint, the supermarket can: Try to design and produce goods locally to the maximum extent possible Designing of smart packages that save cost to the company Whether make or buy, continuous environmental audits must be performed to compare and

Final Stat Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

Final Stat - Assignment Example Work: Since the Q3 for Quiz 1 is 95 and Q3 for Quiz 2 is 90. Quiz 2 has 25% of students 90 and above whereas the Quiz 1 has Q3 as 95 which means 90 starts even before Q3. So Quiz 1 has more students whose score is 90 and above. Work: Since the Q2 for Quiz 1 is 60 and Q2 for Quiz 2 is 50. Quiz 1 has 50% of students below 60 whereas the Quiz 2 has Q2 as 50 which means some students above this range has below score 60. So it is more than 50% Here n(A)=200 and n(B)=100 and n(Aï€  Ã¯Æ'‡B)=80; P(A)=n(A)/N=200/1000=0.2, P(B)=n(B)/N=100/1000=0.1 and P(Aï€  Ã¯Æ'‡B)=n(Aï€  Ã¯Æ'‡B)/N=80/1000=0.08. The probability that a randomly selected junior is taking at least one of these two courses is given by (a) Since the opponent’s serves which she is able to return is the no. of trials , it is 10 and she is able to return is treated as success it is 30% and p=0.3, the probability of success and q=1- probability of failure=1-p=0.7 Given that xïÆ'  N(10,2) and define a standard normal variable z=(x- ÃŽ ¼)/ÏÆ'=(x-10)/2 which follows N(0,1) so that the probabilities can be obtained form a standard normal table. P(10

Canadian Photographer Edward Burtynsky Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Canadian Photographer Edward Burtynsky - Essay Example The current debates regarding global environmental conservation and sustainable living have substantially drawn inspiration and encouragement from Burtynsky’s images and photographs. After being awarded TED prize in 2005, one of his important wishes was the establishment of an environmental conservation website that will help young children to learn and develop the habit of going green at their tender age (TED, 2). This paper discusses the life of Edward Burtynsky, as well as his contributions to industrial landscape photography. Burtynsky was born in 1955 in Ontario, Canada. His parents were immigrants from Ukraine and at the age of 11, his father bought cameras and a dark room for making largely black and white photographic prints. He studied photography and graphic arts in his hometown and first attained a diploma in graphic arts at Niagra College before graduating with a degree in photographic arts at Ryerson University. Burtynsky’s interest in landscape photography was particularly inspired by his childhood experiences such as exposure to the areas around the General Motors plant where his father worked. He consequently developed a strong passion for the global industrial landscape and began to explore most parts of the industrial world to identify and photograph some of the unique industrial and manufacturing landscapes. With the recent technological advancements and industrial development, nature has significantly transformed and this is the central theme of Burtynsky’s works. The photographic works of Burtynsky have been exhibited both in solo, as well as in numerous group exhibitions across several parts of the United States, Canada, Asia, and Europe. Additionally, some of his famous prints are currently housed in corporate, public, as well as in private collections in several parts of the world. The major museums that exhibit Burtynsky’s works include the Canadian National Gallery, Guggenheim Museum in New York and Biblioth eque Museum in Paris (Koch 2). Generally, throughout his career as an artist, Burtynsky was awarded several fellowships and awards. Most of the famous artworks were photographic images of landscapes that had been altered by industrial development. For example, some of the sites depicted in the photographs included quarry sites, mine tailings, and scrap piles. The beauty of Burtynsky’s photographs was particularly achieved through the contrast and tension created by depicting compromised environments. He also toured several parts of the world, including China, to photograph some of the landscapes that had been altered by industrial development and construction industry such as the Three Gorges Dam. The success of Burtynsky’s artistic photography was large as a result of the numerous experiences he accumulated that ranged from ranged from exposure to various images and sites to photographic work development. As a result, his photographic imagery explored the intimate lin k between industry and nature by combining the various elements of manufacturing, mining, quarrying, oil production, shipping, as well as water recycling. Most of these places provided unique scenery which depicted beauty and a sense of humanity which significantly contrasted with the expectations of the viewers. The images and landscape photographs of Edward Burtynsky were diverse and mostly ranged from altered landscapes due to industrial activity, mountains, mining sites, and rivers.

Are Treaties a Better Source of International Law?

Are Treaties a Better Source of International Law? International treaty obligations are founded upon the maxim pacta sunt servanda (â€Å"pacts must be respected†). This is expressly recognised in the Preamble to the Vienna Convention[1] which â€Å"notes† that the principles of free consent and good faith and the pacta sunt servanda rule are â€Å"universally recognisedâ€Å". However, it might be argued that such a Convention is more a recognition of the status quo than an innovative development in international law. Article 2(1)(a) of the Convention defines a treaty as â€Å"an international agreement concluded between States in written form and governed by international law, whether embodied in a single instrument or in two or more related instruments and whatever its particular designation [emphasis supplied].† This immediately draws attention to the fact that the term â€Å"treaty† is more generic than specific and covers a range of international agreements which might equally be referred to by such terms as protocols, covenants or conventions. The impact of treaties upon domestic legislation varies according to jurisdiction. The contrast is frequently drawn between the position in the US and the UK. In the former, the treaty-making power is vested under the Constitution in the President but he requires the â€Å"advice and consent† of two-thirds of the members of the Senate present and voting. In the United Kingdom it is argued that the making of treaties is an exercise of prerogative power. This is controversial: it might be suggested that prerogative power can only be exercised by the Crown. However, the preferred approach might be that of Dicey who suggests that a prerogative act is any act of government that is not authorised by statute. However, it should be noted that there is a degree of Parliamentary control. First, there exists the so-called â€Å"Ponsonby Rule† which applies to treaties which have been negotiated and signed but have not come into effect because they have not in terms of internationa l law been ratified by the parties. Under this rule, the government must notify Parliament of the treaty and must not ratify it save in cases of urgency until 21 parliamentary days have elapsed. Second, Parliament may restrict the power of the executive to enter into treaties by expressly providing that they require parliamentary consent. Finally, the making of a treaty does not automatically ensure its application in domestic law. It was held in A-G for Canada v A-G for Ontario[2] that â€Å"the making of a treaty s an executive act, while the performance of its obligations, if they entail alteration of the existing domestic law, requires legislative action.† Further, it was held in Rayner (Mincing Lane) Ltd v Department of Trade[3] that â€Å"except to the extent that a treaty becomes incorporated into the laws of the United Kingdom by statute, the courts†¦have no power to enforce treaty rights and obligations at the behest of a sovereign government or at the behest o f a private individual†. This analysis reveals treaties as having a somewhat uncertain foundation when it comes to their implementation in the states involved. This dilemma was illustrated in the controversial instance of the Maastricht Treaty on European Union and led to a challenge to the treaty-making power of the executive in R v Secretary of State for Commonwealth Affairs ex p Rees Mogg[4]. The treaty was to come into effect upon ratification by the Member States. In the UK there was substantial opposition to the treaty on all sides of the House and the issue raised in the litigation was whether the government had the power to ratify the treaty without such approval. The British government took the allegedly â€Å"safe† course of not referring the treaty under the Ponsonby Rules arguing instead that its ratification was an exercise of prerogative power. The Queen’s Bench Division held that this decision was not susceptible to judicial review. By contrast it might be argued that customary law is a far more amorphous concept. In international law, customary law refers to the legal norms that have developed through the regular exchanges which have occurred between states over time. Such norms gain their acceptance from agreement upon certain universal values. Two easily cited examples might be genocide or slavery which are generally held to be unacceptable behaviour by civilised nations. However, Alder[5] is sceptical: â€Å"The influence of customary values is not necessarily benevolent and custom may become dead wood but still inhibit legal change.† He cites as an example the fact that although an extension of the franchise took place during the late nineteenth century, the advance of female suffrage was inhibited by the fact that the courts refused to interpret the legislative use of the word â€Å"person† as including women. It is therefore submitted that the attempt to determine whether treaties are a better source of international law than custom is misguided. As might be observed from the above argument, treaties while possessing a high-sounding title are often little more than an attempt to formalise customary obligations that already exist between states. The division is further blurred if one pauses to consider the manner in which treaties are interpreted. Article 31 of the Vienna Convention is framed in extraordinarily wide terms: â€Å"1. A treaty shall be interpreted in good faith in accordance with the ordinary meaning to be given to the terms of the treaty in their context and in the light of its object and purpose.† Article 32 which deals with â€Å"supplementary means of interpretation† broadens the scope of interpretation still further: â€Å"Recourse may be had to supplementary means of interpretation, including the preparatory work of the treaty and the circumstances of its conclusion, in order to confirm the meaning resulting from the application of Article 31, or to determine the meaning when the interpretation according to Article 31: (a) leaves the meaning ambiguous or obscure; or (b) leads to a result which is manifestly absurd or unreasonable.† This blurs the distinction between treaties and custom still further since it leads to a situation in which a treaty can be interpreted so widely as to allow almost any meaning to be placed upon it thus further undermining its status as a definitive document. Finally, a further respect in which the status of treaties as an authoritative source of international law is undermined stems from the manner in which treaty obligations can be ended. Obligations in international law are regarded as arising from the consent of the contracting parties rather than from externally established norms that can be held to be permanently binding. Part IV of the Convention regulates the â€Å"Amendment and Modification of Treaties† and makes it clear that consensus is required for a treaty to remain in force. However, Article 43 is, it is submitted, highly significant: â€Å"The invalidity, termination or denunciation of a treaty, the withdrawal of a party from it, or the suspension of its operation, as a result of the application of the present Convention or of the provisions of the treaty, shall not in any way impair the duty of any State to fulfil any obligation embodied in the treaty to which it would be subject under international law independently of the treaty [emphasis supplied].† It may be argued that this provision fatally undermines the status of treaties: in effect, while treaties might rise and fall effectively at the will of the participating states, international legal obligations remain. It may be questioned, therefore, whether treaties should enjoy any real legal status or whether they should more accurately be regarded as a species of diplomacy and little more than a temporary statement of intent within the prevailing foreign policy of the parties. In conclusion, therefore, it may be suggested that while treaties have become a commonplace within international law, they should not be accorded the status with which domestic legislation, for example, is regarded. If this premise is accepted, the role of custom in international law becomes more prominent. As has been seen, it is custom that truly informs international law. Indeed, it is possible to argue that so-called â€Å"international law† is no more than the recognition of established norms between sovereign and independent states. International law cannot be regarded as stemming from any recognisable international legislature and is enforceable only as a result of the acquiescence of the states involved. In the final analysis, it might be better to dispense with the concept of â€Å"international legislation† and concentrate instead upon the agreed rules of behaviour between states. In this regard, custom becomes far more influential in determining international obligations and treaties for all their written formality and supposed authority should be regarded as little more than a written record of customary rules. Bibliography Alder, J., General Principles of Constitutional and Administrative Law, (4th Ed., 2002) Allen, M. Thompson, B., Cases and Materials on Constitutional and Administrative Law, (7th Ed., 2003) Barnett, H., Constitutional and Administrative Law, (5th Ed., 2004) Bradley, A. Ewing, K., Constitutional and Administrative Law, (13th Ed., 2003) International and Comparative Law Quarterly Merrills, J., International Dispute Settlement, (4th Ed., 2005) United Nations, Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, (1969) Westlaw Footnotes [1] United Nations, Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, (1969) [2] [1937] AC 326 at 347 [3] [1990] 2 AC 418 at 477 [4] [1994] QB 552 [5] Alder, J., General Principles of Constitutional and Administrative Law, (4th Ed., 2002), p.42 What Is Public Health Health? What Is Public Health Health? Wanless (2004, p.27 [online]) defines public health as the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organised efforts and informed choices of society, organisations, communities and individuals. From this definition we can establish that the main focus of public health is to reduce health inequalities with the key concepts being to protect the public from transmissible diseases, improving service provision and to promote the health of the population (Naidoo and Wills, 2005, p.8). Health promotion and public health are intricately linked as the idea behind health promotion is to encourage individuals to have greater control over the decisions that affect their overall health. Health is a difficult term to define as people have different perceptions of what being healthy means and it is linked to the way people live their lives. The most common definition of health was set by the World Health Organisation (WHO) in 1948, which suggests that health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (WHO, 2003 [online]). This definition suggests that health is the achievement and maintenance of physical fitness and mental stability however, each individual is unique so the term health varies from person to person and can therefore be a number of ideas that people have in their minds at different times of their lives (Pearson, 2002, p.45). Discuss the following key concepts in public health: Health inequalities The particular challenges that clients living in poverty face in relation to improving their health. Health inequalities can be described as the variation in the health status or the health gap between the socio-economic classes. Evidence suggests that there is a link between health and wealth, where people in the upper socio-economic classes have more chance of avoiding illness and living longer than those in the lower socio-economic classes and as a result, mortality rates are greater for the lower social classes than for the higher social classes (Marmot, 2010, p.16 [online] ; Acheson, 1998 [online]). Mortality rates are a useful indicator when assessing health inequalities because of its sensitivity to social conditions and even though the life expectancy years of individuals have increased, the life expectancy gap between the social classes has continued to exist (Marmot, 2010, p.45 [online]). The contributing factors to this life expectancy gap includes issues such as poor diet, obesity, smoking and higher drug and alcohol consumption (Marmot, 2010, p.37 [online]) and despite the reduction measures previously taken, this health gap between the wealthiest and the poorest continues to increase (Triggle, 2010 [online]). Access to health care services have also been reported as uneven (Acheson, 1998 [online]) however, an individuals health can be adversely affected by more factors than just the availability of healthcare and these other factors include gender, ethnic groups, religion, age, geographical location, residential deprivation, education, occupation and economic conditions (Marmot, 2010, p.39 [online]). Many of these factors can independently affect health however, those in the lower socio-economic classes tend to be disadvantaged by most, if not all, of them and the combination of these factors can lead to a significantly higher health burden for those who are living in poverty (DoH, 2010, p.15). Poverty is when individuals, families and groups do not have the income needed for the minimum standard of living and poverty can be measured as relative or absolute (Alcock, 2006, p.64). Relative poverty is when the income received is less than the average income for the country, where access to goods and services are limited compared to the rest of society and absolute poverty is where the level of income is below the required amount to afford a decent living or be able to sustain human life and as a result, only the bare minimum levels of food, clothing and shelter can be afforded (Alcock, 2006, p.64). Without sufficient money, people are less able to provide themselves and their families with adequate housing, nutrition, clothing and heating. People who live in poverty are also less likely to have the means to travel to specialist clinics and hospitals which may mean that they are less likely to attend appointments or take advantage of health screening opportunities (Kozier, 2008 , p.133). Identify a contemporary public health issue and describe its health consequences. Obesity is a term which is used to describe a condition where an individual is carrying excess body fat (WHO, 2011 [online]). It is a complex modern health problem facing society today which has both personal and economic consequences. In the UK alone the economic cost of obesity prevention, management and its consequences such as, premature death and employment absence is estimated at up to  £4.2billion per annum and is continuing to rise (DoH, 2010, p.20). As such, obesity prevention has become a public health priority, with significant focus being given to childhood obesity (DoH, 2008, p.27). Children who are obese are likely to suffer both short term and long term adverse health effects, such as increased blood pressure and hyperlipidaemia (NOF, 2011 [online]). They are also at greater risk of developing diabetes, coronary heart disease or even metabolic syndrome prematurely (WHO, 2011 [online]) and as a result, they tend to have a shorter life expectancy (DoH, 2008, p.2). Obese and overweight children also have a tendency to suffer poor psychosocial health and are therefore particularly susceptible to emotional stress, stigmatisation, discrimination and prejudice (NOF, 2011 [online]), which also increases the chances of children suffering with low self-esteem, depression and eating disorders (BMA, 2005, p.8 [online]). One of the biggest concerns of childhood obesity is that it is likely to continue on into adulthood (Coleman, 2007, p.71). Select a health promotion model and discuss how it applies to your chosen public health issue. The prevention of obesity is easier than the treatment and prevention relies heavily on education, therefore for this issue the education model will be used. The aim of this approach is to give information to ensure that each individual has the knowledge and a basic understanding about obesity, which allows the individuals to make informed choices about their own lifestyles (Ewles and Simnett, 2003, p.44). A good example of this approach is the school health education programmes, which not only increases the childs knowledge but also helps the child to the learn skills of healthy living (Ewles and Simnett, 2003, p.44). Educational programmes could also be targeted at the parents and could involve the promotion of breastfeeding, the delaying of weaning onto solid foods to infants and building an awareness of the types of foods that are available within home. Parental education could also focus around building the self-esteem of the child and an understanding of how to address the childs psychological issues. Education in early childhood could also include information about healthy diets, workshops (which could include food tasting) and physical activity (NICE, 2006, p.75 [online]). Identify public health strategies relating to this public health issue at the following levels: Local National and Global The rise in obesity combined with the increased public awareness has prompted new public health initiatives. The white paper Healthy weight, healthy lives, in conjunction with the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidance, sets out guidelines for action on obesity (DoH, 2008 ; NICE, 2006 [online]). Policies and strategies were introduced following the recommendations outlined in these papers and were developed with the main focus being to assist in the prevention and management of obesity and to encourage healthy eating and physical activity (NICE, 2006 [online]). These strategies include school based educational and physical activity programmes and public health messages through the media such as, television, radio, poster campaigns and leaflet distribution. Local authorities have developed strategies which tackle obesity from a local level. A great example of a local initiative within the northeast is Medal Motion, which encourages children to walk or cycle to school whilst also working towards preventing obesity (Local Motion, 2011 [online]). Each locality has different needs and local strategies that are in place have been developed in conjunction with government initiatives and influenced by national policy such as, healthy schools. National interventions include the five a day scheme which encourages people to eat more fruit and vegetables, extended from this is the school fruit and vegetable scheme which helps increase the childs awareness of the importance of eating fruit and vegetables (NHS, 2011 [online]). Change4life is another example of a nationwide initiative which was launched to improve childrens diets, increase their physical activity and which, in turn, improves their chances of living longer, healthier lives (NHS Northeast, 2011 [online]). The national child measurement programme is a national strategy which requires school nurses to weigh and measure all four to five year olds and ten to eleven year olds annually, this monitors prevalence and evaluates obesity reduction strategies (DoH, 2011 [online]). Other national initiatives include Sure Start, school sports programmes, simplified food package labelling and the regulation of television advertising on childrens channels. The WHO has launched a major consultation into the diet-related disease and stated that their global strategy would focus on diet, physical activity and health (WHO, 2004 [online]). This global preventative strategy includes reducing the childs energy intake and improving their intake of nutritional foods, increasing physical activity and reducing time spent in sedentary behaviour, such as watching television (WHO, 2004 [online]). The WHO developed a framework and implementation toolkit which is used to monitor and evaluate their Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health (WHO, 2008 [online]). Following on from this framework, the WHO called on governments to take action against food marketing to children and to regulate marketing messages that promote unhealthy dietary practices (WHO, 2007, p.9 [online]). Give an example of how nurses can improve health for this issue The recent white paper called Healthy Lives, Healthy People (DoH, 2010) sets out guidelines for healthcare professionals to support individuals to make their own decisions and choices about their health. Nurses can optimise their role by offering health promotion to individuals who seek help and support in relation to obesity, whilst acting as an advocate for healthy lifestyles and ensuring the clinical environment supports and encourages children to make healthy choices. Healthcare professionals, especially school nurses, are ideally placed to identify if a child is overweight and screening, parental support and health promotion activities should be routinely addressed where possible. Children and families should be offered support to manage weight sensibly, by discussing small incremental changes in family behaviours, and by making any necessary referrals for specialist investigation, psychological help or specific dietician advice (NICE, 2006, p.49 [online]). It is vitally important that the nurse possesses the necessary skills and adequate knowledge on healthy eating in order to educate children and their families (NICE, 2006, p.44 p.101 [online]). Additionally, the necessary resources should be readily available such as advice leaflets, to pass on to parents to aid in the communication and teaching process. Evidence suggests that when talking to children and families about obesity and food behaviours, that problem-solving techniques can have some success (Ewles, 2005, p.95) and as such, nurses can interpret when and where eating patterns become an issue and can therefore offer advice and guidance on how to manage in difficult situations (NICE, 2006, p.148 [online]). Why do people find it difficult to engage in health improvement interventions? A number of factors can inhibit access to healthcare such as language, age, attitudes to healthcare, disabled access, financial barriers and geographical location (Kozier, 2008, p.133). A geographical barrier can be that some patients may have to travel long distances for certain services or to receive specific treatments. The travel costs for these services may be relatively high and access to transport may also be limited. There is also the issue of the postcode lottery of healthcare services where some treatments are only available in certain parts of the country and not in others, such as the Herceptin postcode lottery (Kozier, 2008, p.133). Cost also affects most individuals as some services are not free, such as dental treatment and eye tests and some individuals also have to pay prescription charges which can lead to illnesses being left untreated, as some people afford to pay for their prescriptions. Additionally, due to limited income, some individuals may not have access to the internet and therefore may not be able to access certain services such as Choose and Book, which is primarily an internet based appointment booking service. Other issues that can inhibit access to healthcare include the cost of health insurance, lack of knowledge and awareness and lack of a support network.